Parameter estimation of measurement systems based on numerical differentiation

A Numerical Differentiation Method for Period Function with Noisy Data

一种带噪声的周期函数数值微分方法

In this paper, a method of global numerical differentiation is given.

本文提出一种整体数值微分方法。

An algorithm for power system frequency measurement based on numerical differentiation and central Lagrange interpolation is presented.

提出了一种基于数字微分和拉格朗日插值的系统频率快速而准确的测量算法。在未知信号参数的情况下，以一固定的采样频率如512×50Hz对信号进行采样，得到一采样序列。

The first intrusive phase which constitutes the main part of the complexes is best differentiated and has a differentiation trend, due to gravitative crystallization differentiation, from peridotite facies and olivine-gabbro, facies to quartz-bearing norite-gabbro facies with basicity decreasing successively.

第一侵入期构成岩体的主体部分，分异良好，由重力结晶分异形成自橄揽岩相、橄榄辉长岩相向含石英苏长辉长岩相的分异趋势，基性程度依次降低。

Compared with the gravitative differentiation and lateral-stress effects, the thermodynamic action is considered as primary driving force, and the others are secondary.

热动力作用是主驱动力，沉积物差异重力和水平应力作用是次驱动力。

Sedimentary facies differentiation related to high-density flow during Devonian in Hunan

高密度流与湖南泥盆纪沉积相分异

Mineral characteristics of fine-grain sediment and its sedimentary differentiation in Changjiang Estuary

长江口细颗粒沉积物的矿物特征和沉积分异

You can get this either by implicit differentiation and the product rule, or you could get this just by putting here, here, and here the partial derivatives of this with respect to x, y, and z.

可以通过隐函数微分法和乘法法则得到，或者直接，把关于x，y，z的偏微分放进来。

At first, for nonlinear assembly function, the implicit differentiation and multi-variables Tayler Series Expansion are used to obtain the linear relationship between input and output.

首先，对于非线性隐式模型，采用隐式求导和一阶泰勒级数展开得到确定性定位分析模型的输入输出间线性关系。

And, just to motivate that, let me remind you about one trick that you probably know from single variable calculus, namely implicit differentiation.

作为引子，你们可能已经知道了，一元微积分里面的一个小把戏，也就是求隐函数微分法。

Study of the Bursa of Fabricius in White Peking Duck ⅱ. Morphological and Functional Differentiation of the Epithelium of the Bursa of Fabricius

北京鸭腔上囊的研究Ⅱ腔上囊上皮的形态与机能分化

Homogenization of marketing strategy is serious. Product technology and quality is becoming more mature. The degree of functional differentiation is small.

营销策略同质化严重，产品技术越来越成熟，产品质量、功能差异化程度较小。

Morphogenesis and functional differentiation of thymic corpuscles during the development of fetal thymus

胸腺小体在胸腺发育中的形态发生及其功能探讨

Functional differentiation of HL 60 cells was examined with NBT reduction test.

用硝基四氮唑蓝（NBT）还原试验定量测定HL60细胞的机能分化；

To clarify the exact mechanism of liver cells functional differentiation, a thorough research in the level of gene and protein expression is needed.

要阐明肝细胞功能分化的更确切的机制，尚有待于在基因水平和蛋白质表达谱方面进行更深入的研究。

The functional differentiation of mucin production and invasion and metastasis in colorectal carcinomas

大肠癌细胞粘液分泌功能分化与浸润、转移的关系

However, it is found in the transaction process that the price of fresh agricultural products is uncertain because of big volume and difficulty to keep. There are so many factors affecting the transaction price that big price differentiation exists.

然而，在交易过程中发现，鲜活农产品因具有交易量大、不易久存等特点，商品价格具有不确定性，影响价格变化的因素比较多，价格差异相对较大。

With the datum analyzing and author's investigation of whole Pudong, this part researched Pudong residence spatial structure from the three aspects: house scale and density, house price, and residential differentiation.

论文作者在住宅数据分析和实地调查的基础上，对浦东新区城市住宅现有空间格局从住宅规模与密度空间、住宅价格空间、住宅社会空间等三个方面进行了阐述与分析。

The base effect, hedonic price effect and feature number effect was evaluated by the analysis framework of housing price differentiation.

通过特征价格模型的住宅价格差异分析框架，计算出住宅子市场的基准效应、特征价格效应和特征数量效应。

Concerning the issue of market differentiation, increase users' differentiation awareness through price differentiation of high quality and reasonable price; short-channel, high-coverage and knowledge marketing, to form channel differentiation, and make buyers accept then pay for a premium price.

在市场差异化方面，通过优质优价的价格差异化，短渠道、高覆盖、知识营销的渠道差异化，让用户认知和接受差异化价值，并为此支付差异化溢价。