Computer-to-computer email got its start in 1968, when Bolt Beranek and Newman ( BBN) was hired by the United States Defense Department to work on ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet.

With the development of the Internet, its purpose has already gone beyond from the military and technical of the ARPANET. It has been used for the service of human exchanges almost from the start.

随着互联网在全球发展，它早已超越了当初ARPANET军事和技术的目的，几乎从一开始就是为人们之间的交流服务的。

Network protocols TCP/ IP originated from the protocol standards of the U. S. DoD/ ARPANET map into layer 4 and 3 of the ISO OSI reference model respectively.

网络协议TCP/IP，分别相当于ISO/OSI参考模式中的第四层和第三层，源于美国国防部ARPANET的协议标准。

In the early days of the internet's predecessor, the American Defence Department's ARPANET, users had to maintain lists of other machines to enter the correct machine numbers.

在这些互联网前辈的早期岁月里，比如美国国防部的阿帕网（ARPANET），用户必须维护一些对其它机器的列表以登录正确的成员机器。

A Major goal of the ARPAnet project was to increase the military's command and control capability by enabling communication across a variety of physically dissimilar media, including satellites.

ARPA网项目的主要目标是通过能够在各种实际不相似的媒介（包括卫星）上进行通信来提高军事指挥与控制的能力。

Since ARPANET was applied to civil field in the 80's of the 20th century, it has achieved a great progress and the Internet has reached every corner of the world.

ARPANET网在20世纪八十年代转为民用后，取得了快速的发展，形成了遍布全球的互联网Internet。

Tomlinson wrote a program in 1971 that allowed messages to be exchanged between different computers on the ArpaNet, the precursor to the internet.

1971年，汤姆林森写出一个程序，允许Arpanet计算机网上的不同计算机相互交换信息。Arpanet是互联网的前身。

1978-The first email spam of history was sent by a DEC marketing representative to every ARPANET address on the west coast of the United States.

1978年的今天，史上首封垃圾电子邮件是由美国的DEC公司的一名市场销售代表，向ARPANET网络上每一个地址发送的。

To resolve this problem Tomlinson wrote a file transfer program that allowed a message to be delivered electronically to a separate computer through ArpaNet.

为了解决这个问题，汤姆林森编写了一个文件传输程序，允许一条信息通过ArpaNet以电子方式发送给另外一部计算机。

In his paper, he lauded the goals of the ARPAnet but explained some risks of what he called "on-line" networks.

在论文中，他赞美了ARPAnet的目标，但也解释了他所谓的“在线”网络系统中的一些危险。

ARPANET's purpose was to conduct research into computer networking in order to provide a secure and survivable communications system in case of war.

ARPANET目的在于研究计算机网络在战争的情况下提供安全无虞的通讯系统。

After the end of the Cold War," ARPANET" isolated part of a civilian network, today said the Internet ( INTERNET).

冷战结束以后，阿帕网分离出一部分成为民用网，也就是今天所说的互联网（INTERNET）。

What he typed could not even be sent as an e-mail, in case it crashed the ancient Arpanet system;

当时为了防止老旧的阿帕网（ARPANET）当机他甚至不能用电邮发送该文件。

In the 1960s, the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency undertook a program called the ARPAnet.

20世纪60年代，国防部的高级研究计划署（Defense Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency）开展了一个名叫ARPAnet的项目。

Analysis and Comparison of ARPAnet, INTERnet and ISO/ OSI/ RM

ARPAnet、INTERnet、ISO/OSI/RM三种网络协议的分析与比较

Based on the same technology as arpanet, the sites were physically linked by special phone lines.

基于arpanet相关的技术，各个站点是通过专用电话线连接起来的。

So actually, in the early days, back when it was the ARPANET,

事实上，在早期，在阿帕网年代，

ARPANET started by the US Dept. of Defense for research.

美国国防部建立了阿帕网，作研究用。

The first international connections to ARPANET are established.

阿帕网第一次建立了国际联系。

This paper introduces the concepts of customer value and customer lifetime value, analyzes the reasons of customer loss faced by the telecommunication operators, and puts forward some methods for increasing the ARPU of the telecommunication operators.

介绍了客户价值和客户终身价值的概念，分析了电信运营商客户流失的原因，提出了电信运营商提高ARPU的方法。

In the face of the intensive competition in the telecom industry, the decrease of ARPU is inevitable. The telecom operators therefore increasingly focus on the cost per user in addition to considering the new business growth.

随着电信行业的竞争加剧，ARPU下滑的趋势不可避免，通信运营企业除了考虑新业务增长点外，越来越关注每用户的成本。