For the expressway running safety and easiness, discussion is made on the maintenance purpose, characteristics and the traffic appurtenant works maintenance.

It is very important to pay attention to and prevent frost damagee of appurtenant works.

重视和预防建筑物附属工程的冻害，在严寒地区尤为重要。

Firstly, the exchange rate exposure imposed on firms is discussed in terms of theoretical meaning, classification and appurtenant measurement methods;

文中在第一部分，系统研究了企业汇率风险的理论并进一步阐明了企业汇率风险的内涵、表现形态、企业汇率风险暴露及计量方法；

Earthquake forces acting on appurtenant structures of dams

坝上附属建筑物的地震荷载

The main body sex of dress and integral sex decided the appurtenant position of shoe.

服装的主体性和整体性决定了鞋子的从属地位。

Discussing the maintenance methods of expressway appurtenant works Design, construction and maintenance of high embankment in highway works

高速公路附属设施的养护方法探讨浅析公路建设中高路堤的设计施工与养护

Brief discussion on formation cause of frost damage and preventive measures in appurtenant works of building

建筑物附属工程的冻害成因与防治措施

The Plan Design for Appurtenant Area of Expressway

高速公路附属区规划设计探索

Conclusions In atypical cases, the retraction of the globe in adduction was not obvious and the diagnosis of DRS must be differentiated from the following ocular motility disorders, namely, abducens nerve palsy, Mebius syndrome, congenital oculomotor apraxia and congenital or infantile esotropia.

结论非典型患者内转时，眼球后退不明显，诊断DRS时应与眼球运动异常疾病即外展神经麻痹、Moebius综合征、先天性眼球运动不能和先天性或婴儿型内斜视相鉴别。

AD's core symptoms are memory disturbance, cognitive handicap, aphasis spatial disorientation, agnosia, apraxia and dyskinesia. The concomitant mental symptoms are apathy of feeling depression, depression, anxiety, hallucination, delusion, personality change and so on.

AD的核心症状主要是记忆障碍、认知障碍、语言障碍、视觉性空间障碍、失认、失用、运动障碍，其伴随的精神症状主要有情感淡漠、抑郁、焦虑幻觉、妄想、人格改变。

Urinary incontinence after stroke is more common, and it was reported abroad that its incidence was 27%~ 58%. It is associated with sex, severity of disease, course of disease, aphasia, apraxia, and unilateral neglect.

卒中后尿失禁比较常见，国外报道发生率为27%～58%，与性别、病情严重程度、病程、失语、失用和单侧忽视有关。

The clinical significance and concrete me-thod of functional estimation of non-language, including constructional disorder, hand-finger agnosia, acalculia, disorientation of left and right, apraxia, were further set forth through 20 cases analysis.

通过病例分析进一步阐述了非语言功能（包括结构障碍、手指失认、失算、失左右定向力、失用症）评测的临床意义和具体方法。

Conclusion The OT of rehabilitation trainning may improve the apraxia and ADL. Result Instruct the patient to response to the stimulation of cochlear implantation and do hearing-speech rehabilitation via multi-methods.

结论通过OT的康复方法训练患者，对患者的失用现象改善和ADL提高有效。结果①采取多途径、多方式指导患者正确地配合调机和学习听觉言语康复方法，有助于提高康复效果；

Apraxia of speech is a term frequently used by speech pathologists to designate an impairment in the voluntary production of articulation and prosody ( the rhythm and timing) of speech.

言语失用常被言语治疗师用来命名随意言语的清晰度和韵律（节奏和时间）障碍。

The clinical manifestations are memory disorders, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, visuospatial disability, damaging of abstract thinking and computing ability, personality and behavioral changing.

临床表现为记忆障碍、失语、失用、失认、视空间能力损害、抽象思维和计算力损害、人格和行为改变。

RESULTS: Of the 17 cases, different degree of buccofacial apraxia was found in all the cases, speech apraxia in 16 cases, and unilateral neglect in 8 cases.

结果：17例都伴有不同程度的口颜面失用，16例伴言语失用，8例伴有单侧空间忽略。

Type ⅱ variant symptoms were represented as speech expression disorders in 6 children, 5 of them had oral-pharynx apraxia and 3 cases had aphasia.

Ⅱ型变异型症状中，6例患儿有言语表达障碍，其中5例有口咽部失用，3例完全失语。

Apraxia may also primarily affect oral, non-speech movements, like pretending to cough or blow out a candle ( facial apraxia).

失用症可能主要影响口腔、非言语动作，如假装咳嗽或吹熄蜡烛（面部失用）。

This paper was developed to review recent advances in the study of limb apraxia in order to further understand the nature of this disorder and possible approaches to its interventions.

本篇报告整合及分析肢体性动作失用症具代表性之重要文献，以进一步了解该症状的本质及可能的治疗方式。

Developmental apraxia of speech

发育性语音失用症

More often, however, apraxia is not very apparent unless one asks the patient to perform or imitate a pretended action.

但多数情况下，失用症并不十分明显，除非要求患者完成或模仿某一动作。