An investigation of the effects of mean and alternating stresses on short fatigue crack growth under uniaxial loading is reported.

Based on the characteristic of Soft-technology, value evaluation on alternative of decision is studied by using theory of value analysis in this paper. Also, the concept of cost of alternative ( or policy cost) is discussed.

本文运用价值分析思想，根据软技术特点，研究了软技术方案的价值评价问题，提出了软方案成本（政策成本），软方案效果等概念。

As supply chain management is oriented by customers' demands, effective cost management for supply chain should put more emphasis on customers 'demands and their added-value. Therefore, target costing oriented by customers' demands is an alternative for supply chain cost management.

供应链管理是以顾客需求为出发点的管理，有效的供应链成本管理必须面向顾客和顾客价值增值，因此以顾客需求为导向的目标成本法就成为比较理想的供应链成本管理方法。

These include, but are not limited to, additional costs, alternative costs, and cost reductions.

这包括，但不限于额外费用，替代性费用，以及减少费用。

But this alternative would have cost$ 25,000 to develop and would have taken at least three to four months to get the system up and running.

但这个方案需耗费两万五千美元，而且要花三到四个月的时间去建置。

But the alternative will cost us jobs, hurt our economy, visit hardship on millions of hardworking Americans.

但是不这样做的后果是，我们的就业岗位、经济将会付出代价，百万奋斗中的美国人将会更加艰苦。

This article is its gradual achievement. Firstly, this article introduced the concept of alternative cost in Brand Economics. Through improving and utilizing Hotelling Model, the analysis indicated that the overseas cigarette manufacturers have the brand superiority, which will raise their market share gradually.

本文首先引入品牌经济学的选择成本的概念，通过对博弈论Hotelling模型的改进和运用，分析表明国外卷烟厂商在竞争中所具有的品牌优势会逐步提高其市场占有率。

Evaluates the alternative cost of ownership ( construction, purchase or renting) over the whole life of the asset ( s).

对各种可选择的资产权属关系（兴建、购买或租赁），评估其全生命成本。

Opportunity cost is also called alternative cost, which is an important concept in economics.

西方经济理论提出了机会成本这一概念，它让人们意识到一项活动的真实代价或称为经济代价。

The Role that the Lawyers Play in Alternative Dispute Resolution Scheme

诉讼外纠纷解决机制中的律师角色

Research on the Alternative Dispute Resolution of Management Disputes in Schools

学校管理纠纷的非诉讼解决机制研究

In general, most countries name the non-judicial dispute resolutions outside of court to be alternative dispute resolution ( ADR).

各国通常把法院以外的各种非诉讼纠纷解决方式统称为替代性纠纷解决方式（ADR）。

It is in contradiction with the trend that many western developed countries pay more attention to the alternative dispute resolution.

这与许多西方发达国家日益重视替代性纠纷解决方式，强化纠纷解决方式多样化的趋势相悖。

Conclusion The murine local lymph node assay based on 5-bromo-2 ′-deoxyuridine incorporation can be used as an alternative methods to test chemicals allergenicity.

结论小鼠局部淋巴结免疫化学方法可替代豚鼠致敏性实验方法用于评价化学物的致敏性。

For each alternative, a test action should be considered.

对于每一个选择，测试活动都要考虑到。

Researched the theory that was used to deduced the dynamic parameters by sinusoidal alternative strain-stress test system, at the same time, the method characteristic extraction was researched.

研究了果蔬物料由正弦交变应力-应变试验获得动态力学特性的理论及动特性参数提取的方法。

With the battery inner resistance change direction analysis software to analyze its change direction on the inner resistance historical data which are measured periodically, you may judge and predict battery performance. This is the estimation test and alternative test method to test the battery capacity.

应用其电池内阻变化趋势分析软件，对定期测量的电池内阻历史数据进行变化趋势分析，可以判断和预测电池的性能，作为电池容量测试的预估测试和替代方法。

The core of the equivalence analyses is finding an alternative test method and accordingly the right test parameter to reproduce the stresses applied on the valves, which are equivalent with that in the real conditions by effect.

等效性分析的核心是要通过合理的试验电路、控制方法、试验值来模拟阀在实际运行中承受的各种应力，使之具有同样的效果。

It is believed that the quantitative tests that focus solely on past years could generally be eliminated and be replaced or be supplemented by a new alternative test.

他们认为大体上可以取消只关注过去的定量测试，用一种新的测试取代或补充定量测试。

It is an alternative test solution with high value/ cost ratio which can be used to replace expensive test system on Serial EEPROM mass test.

在Serial EEPROM的大量测试中可以代替昂贵的测试系统，是一种性价比较高的替代测试方案。

The alternative test methods and automatic measuring methods are pre-sented.

还讨论了电磁兼容的替代测试方法及自动测量方法。