Temperature of water can be adjusted by controlling backwater valve and supply valve.

The results of backwater calculation at Changzhou Reservoir demonstrated that, there exited an extremal value of backwater length while the water level was 18.6m and the criterion for the terminal of backwater was 0.1m.

长洲枢纽回水计算结果表明：当水库在18.6m水位运行，末端判别标准取0.1m时，其回水长度随流量变化存在极值现象；

More accurate criterion for the terminal of backwater will get a greater extreme value of backwater length; while rough criterion for the terminal backwater may lead extreme value in the range of backwater length variation to vanish.

回水末端的位置精度越高，回水长度极值就越大，当末端标准精度较低时，在一定范围内回水极值现象可能不再出现；

Bottom slope and criterion for the terminal of backwater determination may have effect on backwater length.

河道底坡和回水末端判别标准均会对回水长度产生一定影响。

For the catholicity of the consequence about criterion for the terminal of backwater determination in analytic calculation of backwater length, it can be used as reference frame in mathematic model calculation.

回水长度解析计算方法中有关末端判别标准的研究结果具有一定的普遍性，在利用数学模型进行计算时可以作为参考依据。

Backwater length will increase with the slower of bottom slope.

在静水长度以上河段底坡变缓后，回水长度会相应增大；

Criterion for the terminal of backwater may have effect not only on backwater length, but also on the rule of backwater length ′ s fluctuation with discharge.

水库回水末端判别标准的精度不仅影响回水长度的大小，在有些情况下甚至影响回水长度随流量变化的规律；

At selecting factors influencing the water level of Luoshan, flood fluctuation rate is reflected by the preceding discharge process in upper station and this station, and backwater effect is reflected by the level of the lower station.

选取模型影响因子时，用上游站点及本站的前期流量过程反映洪水涨落率、下游站点水位反映下游变动回水的顶托作用。

Then after comprehensive analysis on the investigation results obtained up to now an overall summarization on changes of sand and gravel shoals due to backwater effect and their influence on navigation conditions are studied.

然后，在综合分析已有研究成果的基础上，对变动回水区各河段壅水高度增加所引起的沙质浅滩和卵石浅滩的变化及其对航运的影响进行了较全面的概括。

For the backwater effect, water level in upstream face of the fish bones is much higher than that in the downstream face.

受刺坝壅水作用，刺坝迎水面水位明显高于背水面。

The water level forecasting of the Jinjiang Reach of the Yangtze River with backwater effect is well solved by the model.

较好地解决了长江荆江河段中受回水顶托影响的石首站的水位过程预报问题，为水位过程预报提供了一条不同于水文学途径和水力学途径的建模途径。

Calculation of Backwater Effect Caused by Bridge in Compound Channel

复式河道的桥梁壅水计算

Study of Water Level Forecasting Model with Backwater Effect

考虑回水顶托影响的水位预报研究

The landslide early warning could base on the study on lag characteristic and rainfall threshold, by the use of rainfall information. ( 5) The backwater amount in unsaturated zone in landslide was estimated.

通过潜水位对降雨的滞后响应特征以及降雨阈值的分析，提出利用降雨信息对滑坡进行提前预警；（5）对滑体中非饱和带滞水量进行了估算。

After completion and operation of the TGP, the water-sand conditions of the Yangtze River will be changed and sedimentation will occur in the backwater zone at the tail of the reservoir.

三峡工程投运后，改变了长江的水沙条件，引起库尾变动回水区泥沙淤积；

Experiment Study on Bedload Transport in the Variable Backwater Zone of Wen-Feng Reservoir

倍江文峰水库回水变动区推移质运动试验研究

The water in the backwater zone enters the cooling tower and then enters the dilution zone through the water pump.

回水区的水经水泵进入冷却塔冷却后进入混合区；

The layout of the metropolitan port in variation backwater zone is studied and some suggestions are given.

探索主城变动回水区的港区布局问题，并提出建议。

Backwater storage analytic method for river type reservoirs

河道型水库动库容分析方法

The river reach roughness is a important parameter for calculating reservoir and hydropower station backwater and determining submerge and move line.

河段糙率是计算水库、水电站回水和确定淹没搬迁线的重要参数。

During the operation of storing water and retaining sediment, serious deposition in the reservoir leads to backwater level rising rapidly. Therefore it also brings out new river-trained theory of design sediment load and integrated regulation of water-sediment.

开始蓄水拦沙运用，水库严重淤积回水迅速上延，引发设计输沙量和水沙综合调节治河新理论。