The primal and dual formulations are derived and the main problems and issues arising in the implementation of the associated QPs discussed at length.

With assuming the electron density distribution to be the Qps model, this paper developes the delay-frequency relation of single model.

本文假定电离层电子浓度服从准抛物分布，从理论上建立了单一层模的时延频率关系。

A novel scheme for all-optical NRZ to pseudo-return-to-zero ( PRZ) conversion using a folded ultrafast nonlinear interferometer ( UNI) has been put forward and demonstrated for the first time.

提出了一种基于折叠式超快非线性干涉仪的全光NRZ到伪归零（PRZ）信号转换的新型方案。

In visible experiment, the time of pressure balance decrease with the initial pressure of PRZ and temperature of CMT.

在可视化实验中随着PRZ初始压力的增加，以及CMT初始温度的增加，压力平衡响应时间减小。

The pH of the liquid preparation of PRZ should be adjusted to about 5.1.

结论：PRZ在强酸和强碱条件下均不稳定，若制成液体制剂可调pH为5.1左右。

Both of them shows that the clock component contained in the converted PRZ signal obtained using the simplified scheme is weaker than that using the pump-probe scheme.

实验和模拟结果均表明：采用简化方案时转换输出的伪归零信号所包含的时钟分量的强度小于采用抽运探测方案的情况。

QQH algorithm provides a fast terminate condition based on judging the area and avoids the special process for the exception, as well as determines whether interference occurs or not by region test.

该方法给出了基于面积值判断的快速终止条件，避免了异常情形的特殊处理，并能通过区域测试快速判定两多边形是否发生干涉。

The quantity risk assessment ( QRA) method which can improve the reason of human's behavior is able to quantify the risk in dangerous goods transportation on road, so that the level of risk management can be improved.

提高人类行为的理智性和稳健性、保证人类社会可持续发展的定量风险评价研究，能将道路危险货物运输中的风险准确的予以量化，大大提高道路危险货物运输风险管理水平。

This paper establishes the mathematical model of quad redundant actuator ( QRA), investigates the force equalization algorithm and carries out the performance degradation simulation and reliability analysis under the first failure and the second failure.

在建立四余度舵机数学模型的基础上，研究了力均衡算法，对四余度舵机一次故障、二次故障情况下的性能降级和可靠性进行了仿真分析。

The results indicate that the optimal equalization algorithm can solve the force fighting effectively, and the QRA can operate at degradation performance continuously under the first failure and the second failure.

仿真结果标明，优化的力均衡算法可以有效解决力纷争的问题，四余度舵机可以在一次故障、二次故障的情况下持续工作。

In this thesis, a QRA model of fixed platform is established for analyzing the structure failures induced by the extreme sea loads.

文中主要针对浅海固定式平台结构系统的风险，建立了定量风险评价的模型。

The basic principles and general process of quantitative risk analysis ( QRA) for oil and gas pipeline failure were introduced.

介绍了油气管道泄漏事故定量风险评价的基本原则和一般步骤。

Critical points of QRA application in the engineering design of large-scale petrochemical projects

大型石化项目设计应用QRA技术要点

That's about ten seconds more than the industry average-and a lot slower than a decade ago, according to the study, which was commissioned by QSR, an industry trade publication.

这比行业平均时间多出10秒——由行业刊物《QSR》委托进行的研究表明，这比十年前慢了很多。

After dozens of years development, the qualitative spatial reasoning ( QSR) has become a very important research area in artificial intelligence.

经过十余年的发展，定性空间推理（Qualitative Spatial Reasoning，QSR）已成为人工智能的一个重要研究领域。

Domestic QSR growth: the QSR market in the USA is growing?

7.美国国内快餐店相关业务的增长：美国的快餐行业市场在不断发展？

Qualitative spatial reasoning ( QSR) is an important component of qualitative reasoning and spatial reasoning.

定性空间推理是定性推理和空间推理的重要组成部分。

Topology and shape are key problems in QSR research.

拓扑和形状是定性空间推理研究的关键问题。

Compared to conventional hard-switched converters with fixed switching frequencies, the quasi-resonant converter ( QRC) topology is a very attractive alternative for power supply designers.

相对于拥有固定开关频率的传统硬开关转换器，准谐振变换器技术更有吸引力。

A reduced-order model and a full-order circuit model for frequency modulation ( FM) quasi-resonant converters ( QRC) are introduced.

提出了调频准谐振变换器的降阶及全阶模型（第七章）。

An improved zero-current-switched ( ZCS) quasi resonant converter ( QRC) using a saturable inductor

一种非线性零电流准谐振变换器