Finite Element Simulation of Quasi-Static Stable Mode I Crack Growth under an Alternating Loading

The life of bending fretting fatigue was significantly influenced by the alternating stresses. The higher stress level was, the lower fatigue life occurred. The S-N curves of bending fretting fatigue appeared shapes of C type.

对于弯曲微动疲劳，交变应力对寿命的影响十分显著，应力水平越高，微动疲劳寿命越低，弯曲微动疲劳的S-N曲线呈C曲线型。

Legs in marine environment will be affected by the cycled waves, and alternating stresses will appear on the legs.

桩腿在海洋环境中会受到波浪的循环作用，在桩腿结构上会产生循环变化的交变应力。

Fatigue behaviour of y_2o_3-zro_2 ceramics under alternating stresses

Y2O3-ZrO2胸瓷在循环应力作用下的疲劳特性

Although the stress level is below the yield strength, long-term exposure to the alternating stresses may make the platform suffer the suddenly fatigue damage.

虽然应力水平远低于材料的屈服强度，但是在长期的交变应力作用下，桩腿有可能产生突然性的疲劳破坏。

An investigation of the effects of mean and alternating stresses on short fatigue crack growth under uniaxial loading is reported.

本文报道单向加载下平均应力和交变应力对疲劳短裂纹生长的影响。

Based on the characteristic of Soft-technology, value evaluation on alternative of decision is studied by using theory of value analysis in this paper. Also, the concept of cost of alternative ( or policy cost) is discussed.

本文运用价值分析思想，根据软技术特点，研究了软技术方案的价值评价问题，提出了软方案成本（政策成本），软方案效果等概念。

As supply chain management is oriented by customers' demands, effective cost management for supply chain should put more emphasis on customers 'demands and their added-value. Therefore, target costing oriented by customers' demands is an alternative for supply chain cost management.

供应链管理是以顾客需求为出发点的管理，有效的供应链成本管理必须面向顾客和顾客价值增值，因此以顾客需求为导向的目标成本法就成为比较理想的供应链成本管理方法。

These include, but are not limited to, additional costs, alternative costs, and cost reductions.

这包括，但不限于额外费用，替代性费用，以及减少费用。

But this alternative would have cost$ 25,000 to develop and would have taken at least three to four months to get the system up and running.

但这个方案需耗费两万五千美元，而且要花三到四个月的时间去建置。

But the alternative will cost us jobs, hurt our economy, visit hardship on millions of hardworking Americans.

但是不这样做的后果是，我们的就业岗位、经济将会付出代价，百万奋斗中的美国人将会更加艰苦。

This article is its gradual achievement. Firstly, this article introduced the concept of alternative cost in Brand Economics. Through improving and utilizing Hotelling Model, the analysis indicated that the overseas cigarette manufacturers have the brand superiority, which will raise their market share gradually.

本文首先引入品牌经济学的选择成本的概念，通过对博弈论Hotelling模型的改进和运用，分析表明国外卷烟厂商在竞争中所具有的品牌优势会逐步提高其市场占有率。

Evaluates the alternative cost of ownership ( construction, purchase or renting) over the whole life of the asset ( s).

对各种可选择的资产权属关系（兴建、购买或租赁），评估其全生命成本。

Opportunity cost is also called alternative cost, which is an important concept in economics.

西方经济理论提出了机会成本这一概念，它让人们意识到一项活动的真实代价或称为经济代价。

The Role that the Lawyers Play in Alternative Dispute Resolution Scheme

诉讼外纠纷解决机制中的律师角色

Research on the Alternative Dispute Resolution of Management Disputes in Schools

学校管理纠纷的非诉讼解决机制研究

In general, most countries name the non-judicial dispute resolutions outside of court to be alternative dispute resolution ( ADR).

各国通常把法院以外的各种非诉讼纠纷解决方式统称为替代性纠纷解决方式（ADR）。

It is in contradiction with the trend that many western developed countries pay more attention to the alternative dispute resolution.

这与许多西方发达国家日益重视替代性纠纷解决方式，强化纠纷解决方式多样化的趋势相悖。

Conclusion The murine local lymph node assay based on 5-bromo-2 ′-deoxyuridine incorporation can be used as an alternative methods to test chemicals allergenicity.

结论小鼠局部淋巴结免疫化学方法可替代豚鼠致敏性实验方法用于评价化学物的致敏性。

For each alternative, a test action should be considered.

对于每一个选择，测试活动都要考虑到。

Researched the theory that was used to deduced the dynamic parameters by sinusoidal alternative strain-stress test system, at the same time, the method characteristic extraction was researched.

研究了果蔬物料由正弦交变应力-应变试验获得动态力学特性的理论及动特性参数提取的方法。