oligarchical

So the point I'm suggesting is that many of Socrates'students and associates including Plato himself had some connection with this oligarchical government that had ruled Athens for a brief time.

所以，我想讲的是，许多苏格拉底的学生或是同僚，包括柏拉图本身，都与这个，曾短暂统治雅典的，寡头政府有关连。

The essence of oligarchical rule is not father-to-son inheritance, but the persistence of a certain world-view and a certain way of life, imposed by the dead upon the living.

寡头政体的关键不是父子相传，而是死人加于活人身上的一种世界观，一种生活方式的延续。

Michels spontaneously used the political psychology analysis approach and the political groups analysis approach in the course of reasoning the oligarchical tendencies of modem democracy.

米歇尔斯则在对“寡头统治铁律”进行论证的过程中不自觉地开拓了政治研究的方法，自发运用了政治心理分析和政治团体分析方法。