Methods Endoscopic subtotal thyroidectomy via the nipple areola was performed in 61 patients with primary hyperthyroidism from April 2002 to October 2004. Results The operation was successfully carried out in 58 cases, whereas in 3 cases it was converted to open surgery.

Results Seventeen cases were in primary healing and four cases in secon-( dary) healing ( four cases of fat liquefaction, one case with haematoma). No cases suffered from infection and necrosis of nipple and areola.

结果21例患者中伤口一期愈合17例，二期愈合4例（脂肪液化4例，合并血肿1例），无感染及乳头和乳晕坏死病例。

RESULTS: ① Nerve which was distributed in nipple and areola of breast was derived from the lateral cutaneous branch and anterior cutaneous branch of the 3rd, 4th and 5th intercostal nerves and deep branch of mammary cancer.

结果：①分布于乳头、乳晕区的神经来自第3、第4、第5肋间神经的外侧皮支和前皮支，以及穿乳腺组织的深支。

Methods Endoscopic thyroidectomy via breast areola approach was performed in 113 cases between August 2002 and May 2005.Preoperative diagnosis included 46 cases of adenoma, 62 cases of nodular goiter, and 5 cases of Graves' disease.

方法2002年8月~2005年5月，采用胸部乳晕径路行腔镜甲状腺手术113例。术前诊断甲状腺腺瘤46例，结节性甲状腺肿62例，甲状腺功能亢进5例。

The other patient of cancer without palpable mass but with nipple bloody discharge for 6 months was discovered upper areola vein thickening and sudden occlusion by infrared scanning, while X-ray film and echography showed negative results.

另1例，有乳头血性溢液6＋月，临床未扪及肿块，红外线扫描可见乳晕上方血管增粗，突然中断，诊断为乳癌。

The long axis and middle point vertical diameter of the wheal and the inflammatory areola were measured 15 min after histamine prick and 1 hour, 2 hours after having taken the medicine.

测量组胺点刺试验后15min，服药后1h、2h风团和红晕最长径、中点垂直直径，并计算其面积。

Methods Based on the principle of breast reduction, an operation plan was designed. The new locations of the nipple, and the areola and the area of the breast skin to be resected were marked.

方法按缩乳术原则设计乳头、乳晕新位置，标记需切除的表皮区和全层皮肤区。

Areola and lips, such as special effect-acting mucosal parts faster, strong, fast shading, role leave color stability, midway disable! Especially suitable for pain neural sensitive person.

乳晕及唇部等粘膜部位专用，起效快，作用强，快速着色，留色稳定，中途禁用！特别适用于痛神经敏感者。

Methods 20 patients undergoing endoscopic thyroidectomy via breast areola approach were allocated to a endoscopic thyroidectomy group, and another 20 patients undergoing traditional open thyroidectomy were allocated to a control group.

方法20名乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术病人作为试验组，另20名传统开放甲状腺切除术病人作为对照组。

As the intelligentification system of parking lot of the areola example, the application of the computer technique in the management of intelligentification areola was discussed.

摘要以小区停车场智能管理系统为例，论述了计算机技术在智能小区管理中的应用。

Objective: To evaluate the degree of trauma to the body of endoscopic thyroidectomy via breast areola approach, and to provide evidence for its popularization in clinical work.

目的：评价乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术对机体的创伤程度，为其临床推广提供依据。

Objective To introduce an improved operative method for correcting inverted nipple by using de-epithelialized triangular flaps of mammary areola as supporting and filling tissue.

目的介绍一种改良的乳晕去表皮双三角皮瓣填充支撑法矫治乳头内陷的手术方法。

Frequently there is an inflammatory areola around the excoriation or a covering of yellowish dried serum or red dried blood over it.

抓痕周围常有炎性红斑，其上覆有淡黄血清痂或或红色血痂。

From painful mass beneath the areola with unclear edge and recurrent attack are the characteristics of the disease, which can distinguish from breast cancer.

肿块质硬、边界不清、多位于乳晕区，常伴有刺痛和反复发作史为其特点，据此可与乳腺癌相鉴别。

Clinically the typical lesions are characterized by verrucous thickening and brown pigmentation of the nipple and areola.

典型的临床表现为乳头及乳晕上有疣状增厚及棕色斑块。

[ Conclusions] The endoscopic thyroidectomy with breast areola approach and the open thyroidectomy induced the similar degree of trauma to the body.

结论乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺术和开放甲状腺术对机体造成的创伤程度相似。

Nipple areola was preserved in 16 cases.

16例保留乳头乳晕。

Modified Skate Flap for Nipple-Areola Reconstruction

改良三叶皮瓣法乳头乳晕再造

Conclusions Endoscopic thyroidectomy via areola of breasts approach is feasible and effective, offering satisfactory cosmetic outcomes.

结论经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术可行，近期效果满意，切口隐蔽。

Methods The hypertrophic mammary tissues were resected through a small opening around areola and the tumescent technique was used.

方法：在肿胀麻醉下经乳晕边缘小切口切除增生肥大的乳腺组织。

Central nipple incision and double "Z" areola flaps to correct severe inverted nipple

乳头中央切口及乳晕双Z瓣治疗重度乳头内陷